WHAT YOU GET FOR HELPING US?
We have 3 perks for you please see that..........
NOTE : AS I AM FROM INDIA CURRENCY VALUES ARE PROVIDED IN RUPEES. 1$~Rs.60. PDF Version of this document available at
http://www.mediafire.com/view/2rbprebjr1cuxrd/sateloscope_proposal_final.pdf
1.0-INTRODUCTION
1.1-What Is Sateloscope?
The word “Sateloscope” is combination of Satellite + Telescope. It is the combination of Telescope + Remote Sensing + Space Environment monitoring satellites. The main feature is we are going to use Arduino board as On-Board Computer (OBC). It just cost about $25. If we buy a computer for Nano satellite, it costs $1000 but we are going to use Arduino board as OBC. It saves $975 for us. Let we see about Arduino in detail
1.2-What is Arduino?
ARDUINO IS AN OPEN-SOURCE ELECTRONICS PROTOTYPING DEVOLPMENT PLATFORM BASED ON FLEXIBLE, EASY-TO-USE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE. IT'S INTENDED FOR ARTISTS, DESIGNERS, HOBBYISTS AND ANYONE INTERESTED IN CREATING INTERACTIVE OBJECTS OR ENVIRONMENTS.
1.3-What an Arduino can do?
Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, etc.). An Arduino board is shown below.
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1.4-Our Goals
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* Capturing Video & Screenshot of Interstellar space with On-board Telescope.
* Remote sensing by capturing earth‟s image with CCD Camera.
* Monitoring Space (Lower Earth Orbit‟s) Environment.
* Monitoring 3D orientation of Satellite
* Building World‟s low cost Satellite with extremely high technology.
* Building India‟s first Open Source Satellite.
* Building New and Open Source hardware and technologies that never used before in satellites.
* Allowing all kind of peoples to receive all data from satellite.
* Allowing all kind of peoples to receive all data from satellite through television without needing any computer and software.
* Building the satellite with all of above goals under $10, 000 is our first goal.
2.0-Overview
2.1-Features
* Captures video and images of interstellar space at 118x magnification.
* Captures images of earth at 700 dpi, which is useful for remote sensing.
* Monitors the Space Environment.
* Carbon fiber Structure
* Can monitor 3D orientation of the Satellite
* On-board vibration monitoring
* Can monitor all of the above data without any computer or software.
* Anybody can receive all of the above data with just a television
* Fully Open Source and Open Hardware.
2.2-Structure
Structure of the satellite is very important as all other systems, without a frame with proper structure building a satellite is impossible even in dream. In previous Nano satellites they used standard cubesat structure like one shown below.
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These types of structures available at cubesatshop.com and it cost about 2000 Euros (about Rs.1.5 lakhs). The above shown structure is made up of steel, its size is 10x10 cm structure but our satellite‟s size is 75x30 cm. From this we can clearly understand why a Nano satellite costs 25 lakhs.
But our satellite‟s budget is under 5 lakhs, so we designed a simple solution.
Let us see, what is that?
2.2.1-THE CARBON FIBERICAL STRUCTURE (CFS)
Our Satellite needs a rectangular cuboid structure like shown below.
Length (l) = 75 cm; Width (w) = 30 cm; Height (h) = 30 cm.
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Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer, carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic or carbon-fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP or often simply carbon fiber, or even carbon), is an extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced polymer which contains carbon fibers. It has many applications in aerospace and automotive fields. Although carbon fiber can be relatively expensive but not as expensive normal Nano Satellite structure shown above. Carbon fiber is used to make some parts of satellite and other space crafts but we are the first to build the complete structure with carbon fiber. We can also use steel or aluminum but these are not as strong as carbon fiber and they very difficult to cut and join.
2.2.2-Why we use CFS?
Now days the world‟s famous aircraft company Boeing‟s Boeing 787 Dreamliner uses carbon fiber parts such as wings and tails. This is why we choose carbon fiber for our Nano Satellite‟s structure.
So we decided to use carbon fiber for our satellite‟s structure and we named it as CFS (Carbon Fiberical Structure).
We are going to use ready-made carbon fiber rods from Honk Kong to build our structure; we found ready-made carbon fiber rods at ww.hobbyking.com,
They are coming in various sizes which complete our needs, we are going to CF robs like shown below.
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As we said above our Satellite needs a rectangular cuboid structure like shown above. Length (l) = 75 cm; Width (w) = 30 cm; Height (h) = 30 cm.
So we need,
4 x 75 cm CF Rod (for basic structure)
8 x 30 cm CF Rod (for basic structure)
10 x 20 cm CF Rod (to make the structure extra strong and to join payloads, subsystems and all other stuffs with the structure) There is Loctite Hysol 9340 glue available to join CF rods, once we pasted with this glue the carbon molecules in both rods are joined and form a rigid three dimensional structure like in diamond so it is stronger than joining a metal by electric welding, so we don‟t need to worry about the quality and strength of the structure. I am sure it will be stronger than the normal nanosat's structure shown above.
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2.2.3- How much a CFS cost?
Now it is budget time, From above information it is clear that CFS is cost efficient than normal nanosat‟s structure made up of steel and also stronger than steel or aluminum, but how much CFS is efficient? , Let we see that …….. We saw that normal nanosat‟s structure (10x10cm) which made up of steel costs about 2000 Euros (about 1.5 lakh rupees). Now we are going to see that how much our CFS (75x30 cm) cost?
4 x 75 cm CF rod = 4 x Rs.300 = Rs.1200
8 x 30 cm CF rod = 8 x Rs.200 = Rs.1600
10 x 20 cm CF rod = 10 x Rs.150 = Rs.1500
2 x Loctite Hysol 9340 glue tube = 2 x 1000 = Rs.2000 Total Amount needed to build our CFS is just Rs.6300. Maximum budget of our CFS is Rs.10, 000. WE SAVE Rs.1, 40,000
3.0-Payloads
Payloads are the very important system of a satellite; it determines the purpose of a satellite. As per our goal the full payload hardware and software are OPEN SOURCE.
Our Satellite has three payloads as follow:
* Interstellar Space Monitor (ISM)
* CCD Earth Monitor (for remote sensing)
* LEO Environment Monitor (LEO-Lower Earth Orbit)
Let us see the each payload as detail…
3.1-Interstellar Space Monitor (ISM):Interstellar Space Monitor
Watching the interstellar space with a telescope is always awesome, I don‟t need to say how much a space telescope is important, we can do lot of things with telescope but sometimes the weather and buildings disturb us but in space no one disturb us and range of view will be increased and we can watch the full sky, So I decided to put a telescope on-board of my satellite. The block diagram of this payload is shown below.
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How it works?
The camera capture view of Interstellar space with help of telescope at 118 x magnifications and that video will send to transmitter and transmitter transmits the video that can be received on TV. Let we see each parts in detail.
3.1.1-Telescope
We are going to use Celestron Travel Scope 50 Portable Telescope.
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Technical Specification:
Brand: Celestron
Model Name: Travel Scope 50 Portable Type Telescope
Magnification: 118 x
Key Features:
51x Light Gathering Power
Fully Optical Coated
360 mm Focal Length
50 mm Aperture Price: Rs.4000/- (Four Thousand Rupees)
3.1.2-Camera
We are going to use 1/3-inch Sony CCD Video Camera 700TV Lines F1.2 (PAL).
Technical Specification:
Camera Type: Color PAL
Pic Elements: 976(H) x 582(V)
Resolution: 700TV Lines
Min Illumination: 0.1 Lux / F1.2
Lens: F1.2/6mm
Dimensions: 38x38mm
Voltage: DC8.5V-DC20V
Power: DC12V 70mA +/-5mA Price: Rs.2500/-
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3.1.3-Transmitter
Transmitter and communication is very important without this system satellite is useless. I hope you know that previous nano satellites use transmitter like shown below.
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The above shown transmitter‟s price is 8500 Euros~Rs.6.5 lakhs. Even the price is so high you can‟t transmit the video independently you need to depend on On-board computer and we are going to use two cameras one for telescope and other for remote sensing you can‟t transmit the two videos at same time with different frequencies with this transmitter and transmission power of the satellite is just 500mW. So we designed a simple solution, Let us see that…
Wireless A/V Transmitter Module
As we are going to transmit the video from camera, so, we can use an A/V Transmitter for transmission, here‟s our transmitter‟s image.
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Technical Specification Channels: 8 Voltage: DC 12v Current Draw: 450mA Power Output: 1000mw Antenna out: SMA Price: Rs.5000/- Channels: 1080 - 1120 - 1160 - 1200 - 1010 - 1040 - 1240 – 1280 MHz
As shown above our transmitter's power is 1W (1000mW), so, we can clearly watch the video from space without any signal problem and our transmitter uses standard camera protocol we can directly connect the transmitter on camera‟s socket no need to depend on on-board computer, The schematic shown below.
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Our transmitter has ability to transmit at eight different frequencies, so, we can use the two transmitters of same type one for telescope and other remote sensing camera.
It just cost about Rs.5000/-
3.1.4-Antenna
We are going to use Circular Polarized 1.2GHz Transmitter Antenna (SMA), here‟s the image.
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Circular polarized antenna's also known as "clover leaf antennas" are a great way to increase the performance of our ISM payload system. The circular polarization helps reject “multipath interference”, a problem that plagues standard dipole stock antennas. Proven to increase range and video clarity
SATELOSCOPE - The Nano Satellite with Telescope
2014
By: Mohammed Rifath Shaarook Raaj M.D.
Page 19
circular polarized antennas have become the standard aftermarket 'essential' upgrade for modern transmitter systems. This is the 3-Lobe transmitter side antenna with a 0mm shaft/cable for a nice clean, direct install with a SMA connector.
Technical Specification
Frequency Range: 1080~1380Ghz
Impedance: 50ohm
VSWR: <1.5
Gain: 5db
Connector: SMA
Cable: RG316
Cable Length: 0mm
Model: 3 lobes Antenna Price: Rs.500
Okay, now let we see how much this payload cost.
Budget Time:
1 x Telescope = 1 x 4000 = Rs.4000
1 x Camera = 1 x 2500 = Rs.2500
1 x Transmitter = 1 x 5000 = Rs.5000
1 x Antenna = 1 x 500 = Rs.500
Total Cost = Rs.12, 000/-
Total cost needed to build this payload is Rupees 12, 000/-
3.2-Remote Sensing
I don't need to tell you about remote sensing, I‟m sure that you are well known person about remote sensing, So I‟m directly going to explain my payload, For remote sensing we need IR cameras, IR cameras are quite costlier, So I also found a solution to this, That is we can use an IR lens with the CCD camera, I‟m sure it will give best quality, We are going to use the same type of camera, transmitter and receiver which used in previous payload, only one thing is changed, in previous payload we used telescope but here we are going to use an IR lens instead of telescope. The schematic is shown below
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We are going to use the IR lens which is shown below.
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Budget Time
1 x IR Lens = 1 x 600 = Rs.600
1 x Camera = 1 x 2500 = Rs.2500
1 x Transmitter = 1 x 5000 = Rs.5000
1 x Antenna = 1 x 500 = Rs.500
Total Cost = Rs.8, 600/- Total cost needed to build this payload is approximately Rupees 9, 000/-
Now, we are going to see the last payload (but not least) of our satellite…………..
3.3.-LEO environment+satellite status monitor
Now, we are going to very critical part of our satellite, here we need to use lot of electronic stuff. This payload depend upon the OBC, It use some of the pins on OBC (Arduino).This payload monitors the environment of Lower Earth Orbit and also gives the basic information about our satellite. To monitor the complete environment of a place, we need following information:
* Temperature
* Humidity
* Atmospheric Pressure
* Altitude
This payload also transmits Satellite‟s basic information shown below.
* Satellite name
* COSPAR ID
* Power Mode (Solar Panel/Battery)
* Battery Status It also consist of a gyroscope to send data about orientation of the satellite
Now, Let us see this payload in detail……………..
3.3.1-Temperature and Humidity
To monitor the temperature and humidity we are going to use DHT-22 Sensor, This is a single sensor that can monitor both Temperature and Humidity.
The DHT22 is a basic, low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed). It‟s fairly simple to use, simply connect the first pin on the left to 3-5V power, the
second pin to your data input pin and the right most pin to ground. It uses a single-wire to send both temperature and humidity data.
* Good for 0-100% humidity readings with 2-5% accuracy
*Good for -40 to 80°C temperature readings ±0.5°C accuracy
Price: Rs.800/-
How to connect DHT-22 with OBC (Arduino)?
We can simply connect the sensor with OBC (Arduino as shown below).
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3.3.2-Pressure and altitude
We can get the Pressure and altitude from the single sensor; once we get the pressure we can easily calculate the altitude by surrounding atmospheric pressure. So we are going to use BMP-085 Barometric Pressure Sensor. It uses simple I2C protocol to communicate with OBC (Arduino), Now, Let we see, how to connect this sensor with Arduino.
3.3.3-Communication
After getting processed sensor data from Arduino we need to transmit that data to earth, we are going to use the same type of transmitter used in previous payload but previous payloads transmits the video, so it can be easily transmitted via wireless A/V transmitter, we can use a wireless serial data transmitter but peoples will find it harder, they need computer and software, as per our goal peoples should easily receive the all data from satellite without any computer or software, so, the only solution is wireless A/V transmitter, we should remember that previous payloads transmits the video but here we have need to convert the serial data to video data, it can be achieved by help of two resistors as shown below. Total cost of this payload will be approximately Rs.15, 000
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4.0-Housekeeping Subsystems:
In a Satellite following are housekeeping subsystems
* Structure
* On-Board Computer (OBC)
* Communication
*Electrical Power System (EPS)
* Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS)
We already saw the Structure, OBC and Communication of our satellite and Now, We are going to see the Power and ADCS of our satellite………………
4.1-Electrical Power System (EPS)
The electrical power system (EPS) of a Nano Satellite provides electrical energy to all the systems onboard and is the most critical system of a satellite. EPS usually consists of solar cells, rechargeable batteries, power distribution unit and power conditioning unit. The solar cells are used as the primary source of energy. These are photovoltaic cells that convert light into electrical energy. The batteries provide power during the eclipse as well as during peak load times. The power conditioning and distribution units provide a stable power bus and a stable charging of the batteries. Thus the main functions of the system are: continuous power generation, energy storage and regulation, conditioning and distribution of power. The EPS is a very critical system for any satellite. The satellite can only perform as long as it has power. Failure of this system will result in the end of the satellite mission. The solar cells produce the power that is distributed to all the other satellite components and when there is no sunlight, the battery pack has to supply the power. In a situation where another subsystem is using too much current because of a malfunction, the EPS must cut off the connection to that component. The EPS has to report the malfunction to the on board computer along with the current battery status. EPS should also be able to shut down all the subsystems but the communication subsystem through a single command so that it can send beacon signals when it is in emergency mode. The EPS must be able to start up on its own. Typically there is a „Remove before Flight‟ (RBF) switch which when disconnected from the RBF pin automatically turns on the power. Another important function that the EPS provides to all the satellite components is the protection from over-current and over-voltage conditions. The batteries and solar panels are connected with OBC (Arduino), The Arduino checks the voltage from solar panels and batteries and reports the status to ground station and also switch power mode between solar power and battery power, total schematic is shown below.
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It‟s time to calculate the power needs
NOTE: All of our satellite‟s equipment running on 12 V
2 x Camera = 2 x 100mA = 200 mA
3 x A/V Transmitter = 3 x 500 mA = 1500 mA (1.5 A)
1 x Arduino (OBC) + Sensors = 1 x 1300 mA = 1300 mA
Total = 3000 mA = 3 Ampere
We are going to use 3 A Battery, Totally we need 6 A current from solar panel including battery charging but our satellite can produce 2 amperes of current per side so we can get 8 Ampere of current, so we can run the all equipment without problem.
We are going to use Li-Po battery like shown below in our satellite.
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We are going to use Imax B4 Compact 35W 4A Automatic Balance Charger
The Imax B4 Compact Balance Charger makes charging of your Li-Po batteries easier than ever before. With no current limits or cell counts to set, you simply connect your battery to the B4 and it starts charging automatically. The charge current is variable, determined by the capacity and charge state of our battery. The max charging current is 4A (up to 35W). It regularly monitors the battery and prevents battery from over charging and over discharging and increase the battery life
Now, Let we calculate the budget of power system
1 x Li-Po battery = Rs.5000
1 x Charger = Rs.2000
1 x Solar Panel Set = Rs.10, 000 to 15, 000
5.0 ADCS
ADCS is the very important system for every satellite especially for imaging satellites like our satellite; we need to control Roll, Yaw, and Pitch of the satellite.
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5.1-Controlling Roll
If a large permanent magnet is put in the spacecraft, this magnet will interact with the earth‟s magnetic field in much the same way as a compass. The south pole of the magnet will be drawn towards the magnetic north pole of the earth, and vice versa. It will control the roll of the satellite.
5.2-Controlling Pitch and Yaw
We are going to use Gravity-gradient stabilization to control pitch and yaw of the satellite. Gravity-gradient stabilization also known as tidal stabilization is a method of stabilizing artificial satellites in a fixed orientation using only the orbited body's mass distribution and gravitational field. The main advantage of using this will reduce the power consumed by three or four reaction wheels or magnetic torque rods. The idea is to use the Earth's gravitational field and tidal forces to keep the spacecraft aligned in the desired orientation. The gravity of the Earth decreases according the inverse-square law, and by extending the long axis perpendicular to the orbit, the "lower" part of the orbiting structure will be more attracted to the Earth. The effect is that the satellite will tend to align its axis of minimum moment of inertia vertically.
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